Consumerism A New Layer Of Commodity Fetishism - 1300 Words

Consumerism is economic policies that place emphasis on informed consumption to protect consumers from unethical marketing activities. Consumers are free to make choices on the products they want to consume. This should orient manufacturers to produce consumer-oriented products, but the industrial revolution has made the food industry a money-making market. Capitalism is the main hindrance of ethical consumerism with products being advertised on various platforms, making a negative impact on food choices. Organic labeling provides information to consumers about the origins of a commodity and the conditions under which they are produced. It encourages consumers to make better food choices. Capitalism exploits ethical consumerism which then acts as â€Å"a new layer of commodity fetishism† (Gunderson, 2014, p. 109). Capitalism is a political and economic system in a country which is controlled by private owners generally for profit purposes. Consumer choices should lead to a free market, instead it is exploiting consumers. Ethical consumerism has been on the rise lately and consumers demand ethical commodities like organic and locally grown foods. Individual choices can lead the marketplace to a progressive social change. Producers of these commodities influence customer’s purchasing decisions through advertising and not letting them make individual choices. Consumer choice does not seem to have an effect on the type of commodities produced. It is ambiguous that food proje cts andShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesothers who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis

The Disappointment By Aphra Behn - 1367 Words

Throughout â€Å"The Disappointment†, Aphra Behn critics the established gender roles in the society particularly sexually. This can be seen in the relationship between Lisander who is the male figure and Cloris who is the female one. In this poem, Cloris can be seen as the object of desire while Lisander can be seen as the sexual object which challenges the pre-established roles in society. The first stanza reveals a side of Lisander that shows that he does not have a complete control on his body. Indeed, the fact that the author says â€Å"One day the Amorous Lisander/By an impatient Passion sway’d† (1-2). The use of the word â€Å"sway’d† shows that the passion drives him and controls him while it should be the opposite. This situation questions the male identity because Lisander, as a cavalier and a man, should be strong and show no weaknesses. Furthermore, the end of this stanza reveals that Lisander does need Cloris to live in this world which shows that she, unconsciously, has power over Lisander because he needs her. Behn writes thatâ€Å"[Lisander] was now descending to the Sea/And left no Light to guide the World/But what from Cloris brighter Eyes was hurl’d† (8-10). There is an imagery there which the opposition between the fact that Lisander has no light and Cloris has bright eyes. It shows that in their relationship, the woman is needed and plays an important role. It has to be remembered that, back in the days, women were dependant of men because of their lower social status,Show MoreRelatedThe Actual Disappointment: The Work fo Aphra Behn Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesAphra Behn, a remarkable author who â€Å"‘†¦earned†¦ [women]†¦the right to speak their minds’†, who was not afraid to speak her mind herself as evident in her works, and was a writer that aided in paving the way for women’s rights through the literature world (The Norton Anthology 2308). A majority of Behn’s works serve to further the voice of women in the oppressed society in which they were living in and this work being examined is no exception to this. The Disappointment serves as a perfect satiricRead MoreThe Rights Of Female Sexuality1626 Words   |  7 Pagescharacterized by its licentiousness and extravagant spending. While men during the period enjoyed the libertine culture that was introduced, women continued to be restrained by boundaries that had constricted their social and sexual freedom for centuries. Aphra Behn, the first woman in England to identify as a professional writer, challenged sexual inequality by reforming the female image through literature. She addresses themes of female desire, sexuality, and homosexuality in amatory fiction such as â€Å"To theRead MoreGender and Performance in the Earl of Rochester’s Imperfect Enjoyment1330 Words   |  6 Pagesand â€Å"The Disappointment† by Aphra Behn—remarkable only be cause readers are surprised to read one poem about male sexual impotence from the late seventeenth century, let alone two examples of this genre by well-known courtly writers. In fact, Richard Quaintance presents ten more examples by lesser-known poets as he defines the literary sub-genre of the neo-Classical â€Å"imperfect enjoyment poem,† written in imitation of Roman poems on the same subject, which is shared by Rochester and Behn (QuaintanceRead MoreSummary Of The Disappointment909 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"The Disappointment†, there has been many different questions revolving assault. For example, â€Å"Who is the victim in this story?† â€Å"Were both characters willing or forced?† â€Å"Was Cloris a victim at all?† Some people answer that the female character,Cloris, was the victim because she went through the assault, but others say she gave consent to the male character, Lysander, and that what happened in the story should not be cl assified as sexual assault, rather than concentrol. Many believe that ClorisRead MoreThe Disappointment By Virginia Woolf Essay1885 Words   |  8 Pageswomen together ought to let flowers fall upon the tomb of Aphra Behn †¦ for it was she who earned them the right to speak their minds† (66). Since then, it seems that the Restoration author has been deemed the one of first true feminists. Many argue that this is apparent both in her being the first woman author to support herself with her writing as well as her critique of gender and their assigned roles within her works. And while Behn has without a doubt inspired countless women to take up theRead MoreThe Rover Analysis2460 Words   |  10 PagesIn Aphra Behns â€Å"The Rover,† characters define relationships as a type of economy where value and use are key. This time period commodified love and sexuality, valuing financial success over meaningful relationships. The dowry system made rich women with a high s tatus most desirable for marriage and their value was increased by their honor. Typical of seventeenth century literature, Behn plays with this ideology as â€Å"the language of love in Restoration comedies frequently draws on the language ofRead More Women and Sexuality in Aphra Behns Poems Essay1967 Words   |  8 PagesWomen and Sexuality in Aphra Behns Poems      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All women together ought to let flowers fall upon the tomb of AphraBehn, . .    . for it was she who earned them the right to speak their minds. (Woolf 91) Born in 1640, AphraBehn broke gender stereotypes when she undertook a thrilling (if unrewarded) life as a spy for the Crown, but it was her scandalous career as an author which truly achieved many firsts for women. She was the first woman to supporthereself financiallyRead MoreJohn Dryden s A Song From A Marriage1350 Words   |  6 Pageslook like, and comes out of such not facing any sort of punishment. About seven years after Marriage a la Mode Aphra Benn’s writes The Disappointment telling the story of a Sheppard named Lysander Attempts to engage in sexual intercourse with a maid named Cloris. After lengthily seduction, Lysander is unable to perform and Cloris is left sexually unsatisfied Hell of impotence (Behn). Behn was often criticized for writing over sexuality in her poetry, and was even more so for writing sexual poetryRead More Virginity in 17th and 18th Century Poetry Essay examples1359 Words   |  6 Pagescourtship rituals and kisses, we are assured when we come where comfort is, she never will say no. Aphra Behns The Disappointment (2167) takes its humor from allusions to other poems. The poem is intended as a response to John Wilmots The Imperfect Enjoyment (2163), where a man bemoans his attempt to take a womans virginity when it is thwarted by impotence. In The Disappointment, a woman named Chloris (reminiscent of Rich Lovelaces Love Made in the First Age. To Chloris) is confronted

Financial Selling Services

Question: Discuss about theFinancial Selling Services. Answer: Introduction I would say bravo to the seller of margin account captured in Video #3. He shows an outstanding communication skill, interactive personality, situational dominance, Customer-oriented interaction, self-organized, and empathy as compared to the seller of insurance policy in video#1 who lacks several traits of a good seller. The seller in video#1 makes a poor introduction; he goes back to the company history after commencing the discussion on the customers issues. Likewise, he fails to convince when asked why the customer should forego the policies offered by the competitors and by his. The seller lacks information on other insurance policies in the market. Conversely, the seller does not dominate the conversation with the client because he cannot offer satisfactory answers to the questions asked. He concentrates a lot on the data instead of the impact of the policy on the lives of the customer and his family. In video# 3, there is an excellent introduction and familiarization process. The seller asks the customer about her experience with the CIBC bank and why she was dissatisfied with the services offered. He then uses the weaknesses gathered to explain why his bank is the best. In short, he is keen to the customers problems, provide satisfactory answers and shares the information on his laptop with th e client. Video #1: How to Change the Script to Enhance the Client Interaction / Presentation First, the seller should concentrate on the customers issue rather than being sales oriented. I would gather enough information about the customers well-being and activities of the day. Second, the seller needs to familiarize with the customer by concentrating more on the policy that the customer needs and provide several policy options. Third, I would research on different policies offered in the insurance industry and convinced the customer that we are the best in the market. Lastly, it would dominate the conversation although ensuring that the environment is interactive enough. Besides, I would offer by business card to the customer at the end of the session instead of at the beginning. References YouTube. (2016). Insurance Policy- Video1. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1D730psPi0feature=youtu.be YouTube. (2016). Margin Account-Video 3. Retrieved fromhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4o5PxTDeoiEfeature=youtu.be

The Power Of Faith Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Power Of Faith Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; The Power of Faith # 8221 ; Faith is a word of many synomns. The Webster dictionary provinces that religion is trust ; assurance # 8211 ; the complete credence of a truth, which can non be demonstrated or proved by the procedure of logical idea. The Bible dictionary reveals that religion is belief ; trust # 8211 ; particularly in a higher power. The cardinal thought in Scripture is steadfastness, faithfulness. Faith intertwines with many different facets of life. As it is written in Luke 17:6, # 8220 ; If you have faith every bit little as a mustard seed, you can state to this mulberry tree, Be uprooted and planted in the sea, and it will obey you. Jesus knows that through the adversities of life, religion is difficult to come by. So in my sentiment, this is why Jesus states that if we have faith every bit small as a mustard seed, he will come to our side. We will write a custom essay sample on The Power Of Faith Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He # 8217 ; s stating us merely give a small and plentifulness will be multiplied unto you. Faith can be a life or decease state of affairs. It takes faith merely to acquire up and travel through the twenty-four hours. If a individual doesn # 8217 ; Ts have faith that they will do it through whatever state of affairs their facing, it could be the decease of them. Almost every facet of life relies on religion. Faith is the base of life in general. When a individual is faced with a deathly state of affairs, they have no other pick but to hold religion. Prayer is the look of adult male # 8217 ; s dependance upon God for all things. Is prayer worth anything if an single doesn # 8217 ; t have the religion that the supplication will do it through the ceiling? Most facets of the Christian life are pointless without religion. Healing may be one of the most powerful marks of Jesus # 8217 ; love. Once once more, what is mending without religion? Jesus demonstrates this in Matthew 17:14-23. This is when Jesus heals the male child from a devil ownership because the adherents were unsuccessful. Jesus states that their deficiency of religion was the job. Jesus besides once more states that the religion of a mustard seed will travel mountains. Jesus obviously states in these Scripture that mending will come in religion. In my sentiment, J esus is stating anything is possible through him and religion. Jesus provinces in Romans 1:17, that the righteous will populate by religion. I believe that joy, peace, and salvation is everyone # 8217 ; s, but they must hold the religion. A individual # 8217 ; s redemption, forgiveness and penitence depend on religion. Peoples have to hold religion that Jesus will forgive them and salvage their psyches from the ruthless cavities of snake pit. If a individual doesn # 8217 ; Ts have faith that Jesus is traveling to assist them contend their conflicts, so Satan will hold a 100 per centum record. Without religion a individual will slowly deteriorate in his/her Christian walk with Jesus. Without religion, a Christian will slowly autumn in the clefts of society. Jesus provinces in 1 Peter 1:5, that religion will be greater than gold when he is revealed. To me this means, people are traveling to necessitate to continue their religion until he comes and is revealed once more. Without religion that Jesus will come back for his Church, what is the point in populating a righteous life before God. If there were no Eden, so life as we know it would be pointless. The whole Bible is truly based upon religion without seeing anything. No 1 in his or her right head can conceive of a virgin birth, but by religion, we believe that Jesus Christ was born of the Virgin Mary. Sometimes a individual # 8217 ; s greatest achievements are successful through religion. Without people holding religion in Jesus and themselves, we would non hold the pleasances of life in this twenty-four hours in clip. Faith is a motivational factor. Through religion, comes engineering and all the great admirations of the universe. In shutting, religion is something really beloved to my bosom. Once once more, I province it is really difficult to come across religion. Sometimes faith will take every ounce in a individual # 8217 ; s organic structure merely to make the mountaintop, but in the terminal no 1 thinks about the hurting it took them to acquire to their approval. Blessings from Jesus ever out weight any tests or trials a individual experiences. When Jesus was on Earth, he knew about all the adversities of life, so with merely a mustard seed of religion, he knows we can do it through.

This Holiday Season, Thank a Trucker!ÂÂ

This Holiday Season, Thank a Trucker!   As you sit down to enjoy some much-deserved time off this holiday season, remember there are a few industries, like trucking, that never take a break. While you’re with your family and friends, there’s a whole fleet of long-haul drivers who won’t get the chance to be home for the holidays. Here are three things not to forget:Santa Didn’t Deliver Your Gifts- a Trucker DidIt’s easy to forget where our goods come from and how they get to us. But almost anything you’ve ever bought- food, clothes, toys, electronics- were probably trucked in to your local stores. We’d have very little if it weren’t for truckers.Truckers Can Be Highway AngelsTruckers know how to survive on the road, and they are often seen helping others reach their destinations safely. Whether that means helping to change a tire or pulling off a roadside rescue, truckers frequently put others’ safety first.Truckers  Make Our Lives EasierWe wouldn’t sur vive a minute driving long-hauls, showering in rest stops, and spending so little time at home with our families. It’s not a job for everyone. And while some do truly enjoy being on the road, it’s still a sacrifice they make to keep our economy flowing.This holiday season, be sure to raise a glass to all the men and women who spend their time driving our groceries and gifts around.3 Reasons to Thank a Trucker

Essay about study guide

Essay about study guide Essay about study guide Introduction: Role of IS strategy in business organizations: manages how people work, must be managed as a critical source, IS are part of almost very aspect of the business, IS enable or inhibit business opportunities and new strategies, IS can be sued to combat business challenges from competitors. It is an ongoing process, you have to be constantly evaluating. People and technology work together, integrating business and information systems. â€Å"digital natives† who grown gaining expertise in IS. IS is only getting cheaper and easier, so it is hard to keep a competitive advantage. MANAGERIAL ROLES : VISIONARY, INFORMATION AND INTEPERSONAL, STRUCTURAL, (FIG 1.2). Mintzeberg describes anagement in behavioral terms, by categorizing three major roles of a manager: interpersonal, informational and decisiomal. This model is useful because it considers the chaotic eneviroment in which managers live in (1.4) CLASSIC MANAGEMENT MODEL: INCLUDES FOUR ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY MANAGERS TO REACH ORGAZIATIONAL GOALS AND EACH DEPENDANT ON THE OTHERS: PLANNING, ORGANIZING, LEADING, CONTROLLING. (1.3) Functional view: based on the functions that people perform such as accounting, finance, marketing, operations and human ressources. Information ressources flow up and down through specialized sets of tass , information first flows vertically up and down between line positions and management , after analysis it may be transimitted across aother functions for use elsewhere in the company. Process view: describing business in terms of primary and support activities, that are performed to create delover and support a product or service.primary activities (inbound, logistics, marketing sales, services )are those that transform the business from a raw product into a set of values, this value chain is supported by cpmmon activities shared across all the primary activities(support activites) (1.6) process view related to the value chain. Information hierarchy:data, information, knowledge.(15) 1.7. 1.8 Informations doesn’t wear out, it can become obsolete or no true, IS replicated at almost zero coset without limit, doesn’t physically exists, when sold seller may still process and sell again.price based om value of the customer (1.9) IS: technology, people, process.(1.10) , information systems, management. Chapter 1: Business strategy from mission statement of the organization: te different steps of how the business is going to get there. Organizational strategy: includes the organization’s design as well as the choices it makes to define, set up, coordinate, and control its work processes. The organizational strategy is a plan that answers the question: how will the company reorganize to achieve its goals and implement its business strategy? Porters competitive advantage: cost leadership, difrenciation, focus (1.3) , an application of these dynamic business processes (ability of the firm to adjust to the rapid changing environment and adjusting its organizational ressources ) is destroy your business like the example of GE. Figure 1.4 looks at the differences between these two models. Organizational strategies :The business diamond: it identifies the crucial componenets f an organzoatioms’ plan as its information/control, people, tructure and tasks. All of the componenets are inrelated. Over the years there has been variations of this model, substituting terms like business processes, culture and management systems for leavitt’s orginal terms. All the componenets impact one another so for example if an organization tres to change its people but fails in changing its processes, this can have a huge impact on the prganzixaton vecause they all work together. Fig 1.5 all of them are interelatesd. Collaboration: using social IT to extend the erach of skateholders, both employees and those outside the entreprise walls. Social IT such as social networks enable individuals to find and connect with each pther to share

How people react to robots Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How people react to robots - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that response to robot interaction is a recently emerged area of research that is working to understand how the humans perceive and react towards robots in the social interaction scenario. Recent works have shown that people respond differently to the robot, but also show a similar flow of character towards the devices. Several future challenges have also been considered in these studies, for instance, physical embodiment and correct reading the robot intentions, to come up with sociable robots. Finally, for robots to live up to their mission, the focus will have to drift from competitive generation of robots to production of robots that are functional co-action and co-ordination. Whatever is happening to technology is affecting the day to day behavior of humans in all lines of business. Researchers are invading the human society and this is a reality. From the entertainment to performing household chores, to looking after the elderly, and to educating the children, people will soon be welcoming and accepting their existence. The changes are inevitable; avoiding this will be fighting a losing battle. Research on robot revolution shows that, though this will take time, people will need to learn ways of responding to these changes and try to see the positive impact this will have in the society. That is what this survey is about; the response of the humans to robots in the society.... According to [2] the sociable robots are robots that are capable of fully engaging in the social situation and have their own motivation for being involved in these types of interaction. These robots will be capable of interacting with humans on a social level and be comfortable and familiar with them, thereby, allowing the interactions to seem easy and natural [3]. Ref: [1] researcher referred this to simple trust from the humans. Although there are other types of robots for instance; socially evocative robots and social interface: This research will entirely dwell on sociable robots. III. Critical analysis Human robot interaction is increasingly becoming a topic of popular culture and academic interest, and most try to answer the question regarding the role of robots, the ethical issues in relation with its legal issues, and how the robots interact with humans [7]. Though not everyone writer of the popular culture writers have affected the field of robotics research. A. Shampoo Rob ot Project With the recent technological evolution, robots have been known as objects that can walk, talk or point. However, Panasonic has decided to add another action of robots to the ever increasing list by developing a robot that can shampoo one’s hair. The shampoo-Bot currently is on trial in japan to see how effective it works. Many have argued that it borrows from the car wash machine, but, all the same it is a descent innovation one must say. The hair care robot sounds a fascinating thing to hairdressers. The robot composition includes a reclining chair with a wash basin at the back both mechanized to achieve its task. According to [8] released on YouTube,

Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis Paper - Essay Example supported by Graff who also explains that students are trying to expound on various notions, opportunities and subjects that education has provided, to develop an analysis on the most liked and exciting subjects and opportunities in education. This clearly explains the fact that students are now pursuing education and creating some entertainment effect from various operations undertaken in the school and classroom environment. Graff states that, â€Å"The chance to try on a variety of clashing ideas, to see what they feel like, is one of the most exciting opportunities an education can provide; it can be especially rewarding for students who come to the university with already developed skills at summarizing and weighing arguments and synthesizing conflicting positions on their own.† This clearly explain how education has created an environment where students get to understand various chances available in the education sector, and implement on decisions of creating an environm ent that is favorable to try various subjects and opportunities, which becomes a primary source of entertainment among students from various universities (Greene and Lidinsky, 338). Liberal education and how education has been viewed by students in various institutions of learning has been discussed by various scholars. Graff’s argument on education has been analyzed, and research indicates that there are some cases where Graff supports the argument by Edmundson on the same basis of education. For instance, Graff supports the notion argued by Edmundson that students have diverse perceptions of education, including the idea that education can be termed as a form of

Chronicle of a Summer Essay Example for Free

Chronicle of a Summer Essay Ethnofiction is a term that is used to provide a new contemporary sound to an older terminology (neologism) particularly dealing with docufiction (a term coined from the combination of the words documentary and fiction film). In visual anthropology, ethnofiction refers to ethnography or the genre of writings which gives an elucidating study or point of view regarding human societies. Predominantly, the results of the holistic research method are presented by ethnography and can be used in ethnofiction. In addition to this, ethnofiction also consists of both formal and historical connections. A lot of cultural anthropologists and ethnologists are using ethnofiction in their works and consider it as the essence of discipline. Jean Rouch, the most renowned ethnologists, specifically considered as the â€Å"father of ethnofiction† was able to understand and discover that in making events which are registered by the camera. Consequently, the camera in this scenario or scene becomes a participant. Due to practice, research and documentaries are lavished with the idea of using cameras. This is in accordance to Rouch’s aim of furthering his goals, objectives and introduction of the actor as a tool in the film or in Rouch’s research. According to Brian Quist, through Jean Rouch â€Å"a new genre (of filmmaking) was born†. Jean Rouch is an innovative French director who definitely fathered the movement called cinema-verite. Jean Rouch’s style of filmmaking is a spontaneous one that blurred between or consists of educational, ethnographic and fiction film. Rouch filmed in many West African countries where he was able to train and support actors, cameramen, technicians and directors. One of his apprentices was Safi Faye. The African filmmakers that Jean Rouch promoted did not in the end become avant-garde cinema-verite directors, largely because they could not afford to take ten or twenty hours of rushes to produce a 45-minute feature, but he may have had an effect in other ways. When he set out to produce history he adopted a version of ethnographic realism. In 1975 he filmed a story situated in the late 19th century, â€Å"Babatou† , â€Å"les trios conseils†, with a crew of technicians from Niger and on the basis of a script written by the historian Boubou Hama. Following his work habits, he developed only minimally the dialogue, which the actors fleshed out by improvisation on location. The team travelled around to find a suitable location. The problem was to find places that had not changed in a hundred years, without corrugated metal roofs or plastic containers. Without further safeguards this solution is illusory, because the sun-baked clay houses of the savannah rarely survive one hundred years and what appears old now may be an environment radically transformed during the colonial period. Jean Rouch’s search still reveals more concern for historical authenticity, compared to the shortcuts that Kabore takes, but is inspired by the same supposition that in Africa the actual looks like the historical once you remove from it what is ostensibly European origin (Bickford-Smith and Mendelsohn 20). Jean Rouch’s aesthetic is guided by the effort to produce ethnographic estrangement. Rouch celebrated film â€Å"Les Maitres fous† (1955), filmed in Ghana among migrant workers from Niger who undergo a possession ritual, is very much a display of radical difference, even if recorded with humor and respect. As such, it goes very much against the grain of how most West African intellectuals would like to see their cultural heritage presented to outsiders, the main reason, I think, why many of them do not like Rouch’s films. West African films look different and show the culture in a different way. There are statelier in rhythm and style and less adventurous in form. They also present their characters as likeable and not wild. â€Å"Cinema-verite† is translated as â€Å"Film truth† in French. Cinema-verite is as style of filmmaking that uses the camera as a protagonist, as a catalyst for action (Kahn 185). In addition to this, it is derived from Dziga Vertov’s â€Å"Kino-pravda† a documentary film series in the Soviet Union of the 1920s, wherein it was important that the film audience realized it was watching a film, not reality. The term was coined by Jean Rouch together with the help of Edgar Morin while making â€Å"Chronique d’un ete† (1961) with newly developed, portable cameras and Nagra sound recorders. In this film interview, subjects of Rouch and Morin get to watch and comment on footage of themselves. The term â€Å"cinema-verite† also implies that the filmmakers try to avoid manipulating documentary truth, but it has often been confused with â€Å"Direct Cinema† which is a movement which emphasized â€Å"objectivity† over â€Å"reflexivity of cinema-verite†. The term â€Å"verite† is used in Hollywood to denote a style of shooting to achieve the effects of veracity and immediacy or the jerky, hand-held camera and grainy out-of-focus texture (Barnard et al. 377). In the early 1960s, technical advances made it possible for small crews to produce synchronous-sound location films. The equipment encouraged some filmmakers to record actions and events as detached observers, naively assuming that they were not significantly influencing the actions being followed. The so-called American direct cinema of Richard Leacock, Robert Drew, the Maysles brothers (Albert and David), and the others helped to define this kind of documentary. Eventually, it led to what is known today as observational-style film, which became so attractive for some ethnographic filmmakers (Ruby 12). Jean Rouch on the other hand, having founded the cinema-verite, obviously adopts the opposite approach unlike the previously mentioned ethnographers of filmmakers. Jean Rouch aim in cinema-verite is to have the subjects reveal their culture. The use of the camera as a character in the films he made was due to the fact that he felt that the presence of the camera could provoke a cine trance for his subjects. In â€Å"Chronicle of a Summer† (1961), the filmmakers combined the ideas they have borrowed from Flaherty with those of Soviet film theorist and practitioner Dziga Vertov. Rouch brought the cameras and his filmmaking style into Paris streets for impromptu encounters in which the filmmaking process was often a part of the film, with filmmakers and equipment in frame. Consequently, the actions of Jean Rouch and his works lead to an immediate notice or significant influence to the films of French New Wave directors such as Jean-Luc Godard and Chris marker, whose film â€Å"Le Foli Mai† is a direct response to â€Å"Chronicle of a Summer†. Rouch’s influence in the United States was not immediate unlike that of the France because so few of his films were accessible (Ruby 12). Rouch has persistently continued with his style and to develop his collaborative approach over a forty-year period in a number of films made with West Africans. Some criticized certain early efforts, Such as â€Å"Les Maitres Fous† (1955), as ethnocentric because of an assumed overemphasis on the bizarre, but others celebrated it as definitive surrealist film (Ruby 5). However, his intentions was to produce a â€Å"shared anthropology† in which those in front of the camera shared the power with the director. This idea reached an apex with his so-called ethnographic science fiction films, such as â€Å"Petit a Petit† (1968), â€Å"Cocorico†, â€Å"Monsieur Poulet† (1983) and â€Å"Madame l’Eau† (1992). Rouch is not alone in France in his adventurous experiments in collaboration. In 1964, George Rouqier produced a film about a year in life on a farm as lived by his relatives. In his film, the subjects were asked to enact their lives which is kind of ethnodocudrama. Although it was screened at the 1947 Venice Film Festival as a French form of neorealism, it has been virtually ignored by the United States anthropologists. Jean Rouch is also not alone when it comes to his interests in pushing the limits of documentary realism. For example, the United States anthropologist Robert Ascher experimented with drawing directly on film to produce a â€Å"cameraless† interpretation of a myth which is considered to be a technique found in experimental art films. As with Rouch, his efforts have been ignored. Stoller contends that Jean Rouch is a premature postmodernist. However, it should be considered that Rouch’s work in multivocality and reflexivity has been ignored by the so-called crisis of representation and writing culture folks. Their lack of understanding of Rouch’s many contributions to the postmodern debates that have obsessed anthropology in recent years perhaps the best example of how marginalized ethnographic film is to the mainstream of cultural anthropology. Other anthropologists who disagree with Rouch’s filmmaking style and contributions simply do not see his work as contributing to their interests (Ruby 13). From his works and style in enthnofiction, as observed in his â€Å"Chronicle of a Summer†, a certain concept of ethnofiction can be identified. However, before reaching that fruitful conclusion or concept, Jean Rouch had to perform several tests or experiments in filmmaking, particularly exploring the subject matter or aspects of ethnofiction. Based from his works and experiments, five characteristics can be deduced. First, is the â€Å"thorough ethnographical research† (Quist 9) which can be observed in his films such as â€Å"Les maitres fous† and Batille Sur Le Grand Fleuve†. Second, ethnofiction consists of â€Å"truthful circumstances and accurate documentation† (Quiest 9). Third, ethnofiction â€Å"utilizes the cinema’s need for story as well as dramatic curve† (Quiest 9) which can be observed in Jean Rouch films such as â€Å"The Lion Hunters†. Fourth is the characteristic, on Rouch’s term, â€Å"cine-trance† which have been previously mentioned or discussed. Commonly, â€Å"cine-trance† is referred to as â€Å"improvisation†. The fifth characteristic of ethnofiction, and probably the most important part of the films and considerations of Jean Rouch is â€Å"participant reaction† which can be observed in â€Å"Chronicle of a Summer† (Quist 9). After the establishment of the five characteristics of ethnofiction, there was a need for Jean Rouch to develop a single film that would encompass all these five characteristics of ethnofiction. Jean Rouch pursued an ethnofiction film that would incorporate all these characteristics. The film noted in Quist analysis is â€Å"Jaguar† which was completed and released in 1967. This film became the classic example for ethnofiction film because it encompassed or included all the five characteristics of ethnofiction perfectly. This comprehensive ethnofiction film instantly gained fame and became renowned not only in Africa but also to film festivals worldwide (Quist 10). Jean Rouch’s perseverance however does not stop at the success of â€Å"Jaguar†. He continued honing his skills until the five characteristics of ethnofiction became very familiar with him and his films. He continuously endeavoured in order to improve the cinema-verite which he and Morison founded. He also continued making films to influence other filmmakers and to introduce different or varieties of culture from the point of view of its subjects. Jean Rouch’s perseverance, efforts and success are really remarkable that he definitely lives to the expectations of those who look up to him. His influences and his contributions to the filmmaking industry really justifies Jean Rouch as â€Å"father of ethnofiction†. Works Cited Barnard, Tim, Timothy Barnard, and Peter Rist. South American Cinema: A Critical Filmography, 1915-1994. USA: First University of Texas Press Printing, 1996. Bickford-Smith, Vivian, and Richard Mendelsohn. Black and White in Colour: African History on Screen. UK: James Currey Ltd, 2007. Kahn, Hillary E. Seeing and Being Seen: The Qeqchi Maya of Livingston, Guatemala, and Beyond. USA: The University of Texas Press, 2006. Quist, Brian. Jean Rouch and the Genesis of Ethnofiction. Long Island University. Ruby, Jay. Picturing Culture: Explorations of Film and Anthropology. USA: The University of Chicago, 2000.

Airline Industry Problems and Suggested Solutions Essay -- Business Ma

Airline Industry Problems and Suggested Solutions The airline industry has over the past few months gradually been going into recession. This has been due to a number of factors, all affecting the industry in a negative manner at the same time. This has resulted in low profits and poor performance. The decline in the industry sharply increased after the terrorist attacks on the United States, increasing the urgency to clearly identify the causes of the problems faced and to find any solutions available to overcome them. One of the factors contributing to the poor performance has been the global economic slowdown whose effect has not been limited to the airline industry but has extended to many other industries. The effect of this economic slowdown on airlines has been to cause a slowdown in air travel. The terrorist attacks on America have also done a great deal in causing a further decline in air travel, as consumers lose confidence in the airline industry, after fears of low security and becoming targets of terrorists. However, airlines have also been suffering from a number internal conflicts. The most important of these has been the recent bad relations they have had with pilots. Pilots of several companies have gone on strikes and threatened further strikes in demand of higher pay. These strikes have resulted in delays for passengers and congestion in airports. Such actions have lead to huge falls in the level of revenue expected by many airline companies....

Brain & nervous system

Brain is the part of the nervous system that is enclosed in the skull. All vertebrates have well-developed brains; most invertebrates do not have true brains. Instead, they have groups of nerve cells called nerve nets, nerve cords, or ganglia. The human brain is an extension of the spinal cord, and with it makes up the central nervous system. It contains billions of neurons, or nerve cells, each with more than 10, 000 synapses, or connections to other neurons. No two brain cells are alike. The brain cannot regenerate new brain cells but it can bypass dead or damaged cells to form new synapses between existing cells.The brain receives information from all parts of the body and sends out instructions to the body’s various organs and systems. The information and instructions travel through the brain in the form of nerve impulses, electrical signals that elicit chemical changes. The impulses travel along the neurons and move from one neuron to the next across the synapses by means of chemicals called neurotransmitters. It is through nerve impulses that the brain controls such activities as voluntary and involuntary movement (Zoeller, 2003).The brain is connected with the sense organs, muscles of the head, and internal organs of the body by 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Some of the cranial nerves, called motor nerves, carry impulses from the brain to various parts of the body. Others, called sensory nerves, carry impulses from the body back to the brain. Most pairs of cranial nerves contain one motor and one sensory nerve; a few pairs contain sensory nerves only. The brain consists of two types of tissue: (1) nerve cells, or gray matter; and (2) sheathed nerve fibers, or white matter. The sheath is composed of myelin, a fatty protein that protects and insulates the fibers.A large number of blood vessels carry nourishment to the brain. The brain extracts certain substances from the blood and metabolizes them (that is, produces chemical changes in them) to produc e energy. Glucose, its main source of energy, is metabolized by a chemical reaction with oxygen carried in the blood. The human brain is more complex and has more functions than the brain of any other animal. It is the seat of consciousness and the coordinator of the nervous system. Thought, memory, imagination, and other mental processes are functions of the brain.Specific areas in the brain are responsible for language and emotions. The brain is the seat of sensations. All voluntary and some reflex muscular movements are initiated and regulated by the brain (Colzie, 2006). In addition, various parts of the brain control such automatic functions as heartbeat, temperature regulation, digestion, and breathing. The brain of the average human male weighs about 3 pounds (1. 4 kg); the human female, 2. 7 pounds (1. 2 kg). At birth, a baby’s brain weighs only 11 to 13 ounces (310 to 370 g), but it grows rapidly during the first years of life.By the age of seven, a child’s br ain has reached nearly its full weight and volume, after which its growth is slow. The brain of a human male is fully grown by the 20th year, that of a female somewhat earlier. After the age of 20, the brain loses about one gram (0. 04 ounce) of weight per year (Spear, 1995). This study discusses the brain development and how it functions. II. Discussion Brain tissue is very soft and easily injured. It is well protected, however, by the skull and by three membranes of connective tissue, collectively called the meninges, between the skull and brain.The outermost membrane is thick and tough, and fits closely to the inner surface of the skull. This membrane is called the dura mater, which is Latin for â€Å"hard mother. † The innermost membrane is the pia mater, Latin for â€Å"tender mother. † This thin membrane contains a network of blood vessels. These blood vessels supply nourishment to the brain, and carry blood from its interior back to the heart. The pia mater conf orms exactly to the outer surface of the brain itself (Cynader, 1994). Between the dura mater and the pia mater is the arachnoid, or â€Å"spider-like,† membrane.It is a soft, delicate, transparent tissue. The subarachnoid space, between the arachnoid membrane and the dura mater, is filled with cerebrospinal fluid, a clear, colorless liquid composed of protein, glucose, urea, and salts. It moistens the tissues of the brain and protects them from injury. The brain is also protected by the blood-brain barrier, a network of tightly meshed capillaries (tiny blood vessels) that selectively filter out harmful chemicals and waste products while permitting other substances, such as nutrients, to pass directly into the brain (Zoeller, 2003).This barrier prevents harmful compounds in the blood from being absorbed by brain tissue. A. Parts of the Brain The brain itself consists of three main parts: a large forward part called the forebrain; a narrow middle portion called the midbrain; a nd a rear part, called the hindbrain. It contains four cavities (hollow spaces called ventricles). The Forebrain, which is made up mainly a mass of neurons called the cerebrum, occupies most of the skull cavity and accounts for 90 percent of the weight of the entire brain. The surface of the cerebrum is a layer of gray matter called the cerebral cortex.It has many folds, or convolutions, which greatly increase its area. The longitudinal fissure, a deep cleft running from front to back, partially divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres. A central band of nerve fibers called the corpus collosum connects the two hemispheres. It contains bundles of nerve fibers called nerve tracts that carry information between the two hemispheres. The corticospinal tract carries impulses from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. Its fibers cross each other at the region where medulla oblongata (an area in the hindbrain) meets the spinal cord (Sousa, 2006).Thus, the left interprets the s ensations of the right side of the body and vice versa. Each hemisphere performs unique tasks. The left hemisphere is responsible for logical thought, writing, and mathematical skills. The centers of language are also located here. Broca’s area, situated in the frontal lobe (the forward section of the hemisphere), is responsible for the production of language. Wernicke’s area, situated in the temporal lobe, a section above the ears, is responsible for the comprehension of language. The two areas are connected by a bundle of fibers called the arcuata fasciculus.Damage to these fibers will cause speech impairment. The right hemisphere is responsible for intuition, musical and artistic ability, and analysis of visual patterns. Although each hemisphere is responsible for different functions, one can take over for the other in the event of localized brain damage (Puckett, 1999). The cerebral cortex contains two specialized areas: the somatic sensory cortex and the motor cor tex. They are separated by the central fissure, a deep cleft perpendicular to the longitudinal fissure and extending across the roof of the brain.The somatic sensory cortex receives sensory signals from the skin, bones, joints, and muscles. The motor cortex controls the voluntary movement of muscles. Almost every part of the human body has a specific region controlling it in both the somatic sensory cortex and the motor cortex. Body parts that perform intricate movements, such as lips, hands, and legs, are controlled by large parts of the cortex. Body parts that perform gross movements, such as the shoulders and trunk, are controlled by smaller areas. Adjacent regions in the brain control adjacent body parts (Spear, 1995).The cortex of each cerebral hemisphere is divided into four sections, called lobes: 1. The Frontal Lobe, the forward, upper part of the cerebrum, includes the areas concerned with intelligence, judgment, emotional reaction, and the movement of skeletal muscles. 2. The Parietal Lobe, in the upper, back area of the cerebrum, receives and interprets the sensations of pressure, temperature, and position. 3. The Temporal Lobe, above ears, is concerned with hearing, memory, and understanding of speech. 4. The Occipital Lobe, in the back part of the cerebrum, is concerned with vision and the interpretation of objects that are seen.Each hemisphere contains a mass of nuclei called the thalamus (plural: thalami). It consists of gray matter that integrates a wide range of sensations from the visual and motor cortexes. It also plays a role in emotions. Above each thalamus are two basal ganglia, clusters of neurons that help regulate body movements (Cynader, 1994). Beneath the thalami is the hypothalamus, a mass of nerve cells and fibers that controls the reaction of the body of stress and to strong emotion. It also regulates the body’s water balance, temperature, appetite, sleepiness, and heart rate.Below and in front of the hypothalamus is the pi tuitary gland, which is partially controlled by the hypothalamus (Colzie, 2006). The pineal gland, or epiphysis, is a coneshaped organ located beneath the corpus callosum. It is connected by nerves to the eyes and is extremely sensitive to light. In response to darkness, it secretes melatonin, a hormone that is believed to induce sleep (Sousa, 2006). The olfactory bulbs, which govern the sense of smell, are located on the undersurface of the hemispheres. Nerves run from the nose through these bulbs to the cerebrum (Sousa, 2006).The Midbrain contains tracts (bundles) of nerve fibers that connect with other parts of the brain and with the spinal cord. The midbrain also has centers for auditory and visual reflexes, such as the contracting of the pupils (Sousa, 2006). The Hindbrain consists of three parts: (1) the cerebellum, behind and beneath the cerebrum; (2) the pons, beneath the midbrain and opposite the cerebellum; and (3) the medulla oblongata, attached at its base to the spinal cord (Sousa, 2006). The cerebellum, like the cerebrum, has a convoluted surface. The chief function of the cerebellum is to coordinate and regulate movements of the skeletal muscles.(The movements, however, are initiated and controlled by the cerebrum). When the cerebellum is damaged, ordinary movements directed by the cerebrum cannot be carried out. Limb movements become slow and jerky, and speech may become slurred. The pons is a smooth-surfaced bulge between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata. It contains tracts that connect the two sides of the cerebellum, and tracts that connect other parts of the brain with each other and with the spinal cord. Many of the cranial nerves pass through here. The pons controls the motor and sensory nerves to the eyes, jaw, face, and muscles.Together with the cerebellum, it regulates posture and balance (Puckett, 1999). The medulla oblongata is smooth, without convolutions. It contains three important nerve centers: one affects the rate of hear tbeat; one controls breathing; and one produces the constriction of blood vessels to control the volume of blood supply to the tissues. It is also the site where the nerves from the left hemisphere cross over to control the right side of the body and vice versa. Reflex centers of vomiting and swallowing also lie in the medulla. The midbrain, pons, and medulla, oblongata together form a structure called the brain stem.Deep within the brains tem, extending from the medulla to the midbrain is a network of nerve cells and fibers called the reticular formation (Cynader, 1994). The reticular formation regulates the amount and speed of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex. Many sensory nerves feed into it. It is believed to be the seat of consciousness. Ventricles. There are four ventricles within the brain. These cavities are connected to each other and to the hollow core of the spinal cord. The largest cavities are the two lateral ventricles, located in each hemisphere of the cereb rum.Beneath the lateral ventricles is the third ventricle and under it is the fourth. Cerebrospinal fluid is formed and stored in the ventricles (Cynader, 1994). Within the lateral ventricles is the limbic system, a group of structures that controls emotions and behavior, stores memories, and is involved in learning. It contains two masses if gray matter: the amygdale and the hippocampus. B. Chemistry of the Brain Since the early 1970’s, researchers have discovered that the brain contains more than 50 neurotransmitters, chemical substances that facilitate the transmission of nerve impulses between neurons.They interact with specific receptor sites in the brain to elicit chemical changes. Some circulate throughout the body (Spear, 1995). All neurotransmitters have chemical precursors. These are substances, composed of glucose and amino acids, which are produced elsewhere in the body and are carried in the bloodstream. The precursors are able to cross the blood-brain barrier in to the brain, where they are eventually converted into neurotransmitters (Spear, 1995). The quantities of neurotransmitters in the brain are affected by the consumption of certain foods and also by strenuous exercise.Endorphins make up a family of neurotransmitters that act as natural painkillers. They moderate the amount of pain an individual feels. They are composed of chains of amino acids called peptides. Narcotic analgesic drugs, such as heroin or morphine, effectively reduce pain by occupying the same receptor sites and producing the same interactions as endorphins. These drugs are often prescribed for severe pain or when there is a delay or malfunction in the release of the natural painkillers (Zoeller, 2003). Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that functions in storing memories, regulating moods, and controlling body movements.Consumption of such foods as eggs, soybeans, and liver increases its production. All of these contain lecithin, which is converted into choline in th e liver. Choline is a chemical precursor that is converted into acetylcholine in the brain. Serotonin, a neurotransmitter found only in the hypothalamus and midbrain, relieves depression, reduces sensitivity to pain, and induces sleep. Its chemical precursor is tryptophan, which is found in the protein in meat, fowl, and fish. Norepinephrine is another neurotransmitter that helps relieved depression (Zoeller, 2003).Its precursor is tyrosine, which is also found in protein. Strenuous exercise increases the production of endorphins and norepinephrine. It is this increased production that causes â€Å"runner’s high—an increased tolerance to pain and a state of euphoria experienced by many long-distance runners. III. Conclusion In conclusion, as I study this subject I have discovered one thing and that is— brain is like your computer’s body. It receives information from the internal organs such as the heart, intestines and from the sense organs—the ey es, the ears, the tongue, the skin and the nose.It makes me think that the brain is the control center of the body. It receives all messages from different parts of the body, interpret them, and tell the parts what to do. Moreover, as what I have understood from the research I conducted, it gives me an idea that the brain is not completely developed even in full-term newborn infants. A great deal of brain development takes place in the first few months of postnatal life; and, in fact, brain growth continues at least until adolescence, and perhaps in adulthood. Some nerve fibers in the brain develop myelin sheaths.Many of these nerve fibers have not become myelinated by the time of birth. The process of myelination continues for years, especially in the reticular formation and parts of the forebrain. Reference: 1. Colzie, Lakesha (2006). The First Three Years and Beyond: Brain Development and Social Policy. Childhood Education, Vol. 82. 2. Cynader, Max S. (1994). Mechanisms of Brain Development and Their Role in Health and Well-Being . Daedalus, Vol. 123. 3. Meltzoff, Andrew N. (2002). The Imitative Mind: Development, Evolution, and Brain Bases. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England. 4.Puckett, Margaret (1999). Examining the Emergence of Brain Development Research. Childhood Education, Vol. 76. 5. Sousa, David A. (2006). How the Arts Develop the Young Brain: Neuroscience Research Is Revealing the Impressive Impact of Arts Instruction on Students' Cognitive, Social and Emotional Development. School Administrator, Vol. 63. 6. Spear, Norman E. (1995). Neurobehavioral Plasticity: Learning, Development, and Response to Brain Insults. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hillsdale, NJ. 7. Zoeller, R. Thomas (2003). Thyroid Toxicology and Brain Development: Should We Think Differently? Envir

Cultural Differences In Education Essay

It has been a widely known fact that the cultures differ in their educational goals and there is major difference in this respect when Asian and American cultures are taken into consideration. However there are several positives and negatives in both form of cultures in terms of cultural difference in education but at the same time it could be stated that each culture can learn the positive aspect from the other to proceed towards the betterment of the generations to come. The topic would be evaluated and analyzed with explicit connections back to writings of Ho in Cross-Cultural Roots of Minority Child Development in your paper. Since family is such a basic and vital social unit in all societies, persons of all political persuasions have at-times visceral opinions about what things promote the institution and what forces degrade it. In the United States, conservatives and liberals view family very differently. In extended families, more than two generations of the same kinship line lived together, either in the same residence or in nearby dwellings as mostly in Asian family structure. All adults in these extended families shared responsibility for child-rearing which is distinctly different from the Western method. This important social change would have profound effects on how children were raised. In their book Cross-Cultural Roots of Minority Child Development Greenfield and Cooking mention that â€Å"the key fact about human culture is its intergenerational transmission through the socialization process. Socialization is used in the broadest sense to include informal education in the family as well as formal education†. (Greenfield, 1994) According to David Y F Ho in his text Cognitive Socialization in Confucian heritage cultures he mentions that family and community subjects are part of the curriculum. The kids know that we are all different. These same youngsters also know we are all alike in other ways. In today’s society the American people represent many different cultures. Each one has its own viewpoint, traditions, values and political ideas. The challenge is to cement them all together as one. The multicultural education system is the way to go. Not only does it educate the children. The kids go home and pass the information on to their parents and other siblings. Also the teacher learns as the lesson is delivered. Thus, all of society begins to learn about each others, each other. Culture can be defined as the way a particular group of people, live their lives at a certain time. The question we are waiting for is what can Asian and American cultures learn from another? American Civilization is basically a multi cultural objective that has the essence of freedom and opportunity. There are multi strata perspectives of history and history without these layers becomes meaningless academic foliage. These layers of history could be defined as perspective and perceptions related to politics, economic, sociology, cultural and religious. Without the intervention or analysis of these subjects and subsequent incorporation and investigation in accordance to these subjects history would be wrongly incepted. Thus the streamline of education in this regard stands in a midpoint where the system demands an open format to enable maximum space available. This is where Asian culture of philosophy and self development can excel and help the overall perspective of the American education and thereby influence the way of life in the positive aspects. On the other hand it can be said that the Asian perspective of like and attitude towards education appears to be some what rigid and outdated. In this context the implementation of American system of education would certainly be beneficial for the future generations to come. So it can be said that it is eastern philosophy for the Americans and the American system for the Asians and thus a confluence would be formed that would be beneficial for all. However in the modern world the perception and goal of education and its purpose is guided by a large number of variables and can be termed as heavily accountable to the society as a whole. One such variable can be enumerated as the financial factor that is involved in the comparatively higher strata of education system. Standers are set and limitations are imposed regarding the social, economical and financial variables. To precede the higher range of education a subject needs the accumulation of finance. The subject needs to incorporate it in the respective educational institution that has other obligations too like lodgings and such other detailed expenses. For the accumulation of this finance, therefore, the subject must work out a method like part time job which would simultaneously curb away valuable study time and energy. Thus the end purpose of education would be lost by a margin in the process. Moreover there are family obligation whereby an individual is forced to provide for the family in terms of both economics and social quality timings. This also depletes the purpose or end goal of education where it becomes difficult to pursue the availability of education in the first place. (Lamb, 2004) However, the norms of the society are high and difficult to achieve but one must achieve it at the end by formulating the individual priorities in accordance to his or her needs. It should be understood that the education or knowledge is a power in certain senses and to achieve this power one needs to pay a price. This price may be in form of economy or social obligations like devoting time for the family. The idea of education a tool of power has been recognized down the ages. At the time of slavery in the United States slaves were barred from education. This helped their owners to operate them in a better and effective manner as the slaves were unable to conceptualize the actual situation and outcome in a proper manner. More so they were not able to estimate the brighter opportunities of tomorrow thereby were locked in the pothole of slavery. This was just one example how education develops the human mind or being deprived of education depletes it. If this example is taken into account and exercised in practical ways of the modern world the same would stand to be true as the motive of education is to yield awareness and awareness can be utilize into harvesting success. However it should be noted that the main concern is the individual and it is up to the individual who would be responsible in the end to formulate an individual time and energy management process. The society does have its share of obligations but the achievement of an individual must sort a way out beyond limitations. Nothing should be considered as a free meal in this existence of modern world and it is determination of an individual that would be instrumental in achieving the target in the end. All in all it can be stated that the end purpose of education is to prepare a person to deal with all seen and unseen problems and overcome them. References: Greenfield, Patricia M & Cocking Rodney edited; 1994; Cross-Cultural Roots of Minority Child Development; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers; Hillsdale, New Jersey Hove, UK Lamb, Davis; 2004; Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; National Book Trust.

Free Essays on The Feminist Irony Of Kate Chopin

Kate Chopin wove tales which intrigue and inform the reader of today as much as they entertained and scandalized the 19th Century audience for whom they were written. She describes life in the American South and in the countryside of France with deft strokes, never lingering too long or belaboring a point. Irony peppers every story leaving the reader almost breathless at the ‘twist in the tale’ so adroitly fashioned by this writer. Through her writing, Kate Chopin has told stories of women’s rights, something she was very passionate about. She was bold and courageous in her writing never shying away from subjects such as the sexuality of and independence for women. Publishers, who believed she wrote too explicitly about sex and love, often rejected her work. One such rejection was â€Å"The Story of an Hour† which went on to be anthologized more than any of other stories. Her short stories are powerful examples of the genre, compact pieces full of rich details and characters which make an impact on the reader. These characters are usually flawed in some way and the resolution to the story is never quite what one expects. This contrivance is used with great effect in the stories discussed here. Not all of them have overt feminist messages but subtle hints of the inequities of women’s lives are apparent in all of them. All the stories discussed have an unexpected ending either for the reader or the characters themselves. In these tales loves are lost and found, hearts are broken and mended, people leave homes and return to them and many other events occur which make up the minutiae of daily life as relevant today as in the Victorian era. The author draws the reader into these worlds and we rarely leave with a happy ending. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is such a story, it relates the emotions of a woman who has just been told that her husband has died tragically. She is unexpectedly relieved and in fact overjoyed tha... Free Essays on The Feminist Irony Of Kate Chopin Free Essays on The Feminist Irony Of Kate Chopin Kate Chopin wove tales which intrigue and inform the reader of today as much as they entertained and scandalized the 19th Century audience for whom they were written. She describes life in the American South and in the countryside of France with deft strokes, never lingering too long or belaboring a point. Irony peppers every story leaving the reader almost breathless at the ‘twist in the tale’ so adroitly fashioned by this writer. Through her writing, Kate Chopin has told stories of women’s rights, something she was very passionate about. She was bold and courageous in her writing never shying away from subjects such as the sexuality of and independence for women. Publishers, who believed she wrote too explicitly about sex and love, often rejected her work. One such rejection was â€Å"The Story of an Hour† which went on to be anthologized more than any of other stories. Her short stories are powerful examples of the genre, compact pieces full of rich details and characters which make an impact on the reader. These characters are usually flawed in some way and the resolution to the story is never quite what one expects. This contrivance is used with great effect in the stories discussed here. Not all of them have overt feminist messages but subtle hints of the inequities of women’s lives are apparent in all of them. All the stories discussed have an unexpected ending either for the reader or the characters themselves. In these tales loves are lost and found, hearts are broken and mended, people leave homes and return to them and many other events occur which make up the minutiae of daily life as relevant today as in the Victorian era. The author draws the reader into these worlds and we rarely leave with a happy ending. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is such a story, it relates the emotions of a woman who has just been told that her husband has died tragically. She is unexpectedly relieved and in fact overjoyed tha...

Celebrity SAT Scores (Kesha, Bill Gates, and more)

Celebrity SAT Scores (Kesha, Bill Gates, and more) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What do you have in common with Kesha, Bill Gates, Al Gore, and Derek Jeter? They all had to take the SAT when they were in high school, just like you! However you feel about the SAT, it’s a landmark in the lives of many American students (and lots of international ones, too). Taking the SAT is an experience that many of you will share and remember well for the rest of your lives. Let’s check out some SAT scores of the rich and famous - and talk about how you can achieve some Kesha-worthy scores of your own. Feature image: Nicole Abalde/Flickr SAT Scores of Famous People We've gathered a complete list of celebrity SAT scores. These were often revealed in interviews or through investigative research. Some people were proud of their high scores, others proud of their low scores - and others couldn't care less. Here it is: Celebrity SAT Score (out of 1600) College Attended Paul Allen 1600 Washington State University Will Smith Rumored to be perfect None Ben Affleck Almost perfect Occidental College, University of Vermont Bill Gates 1590 Harvard Ben Bernanke 1590 Harvard Bill O'Reilly 1585 Marist College Ryan Fitzpatrick 1580 Harvard James Woods 1579 MIT Ben Stein 1573 Columbia Kesha 1500 None Scott McNealy 1420 Stanford Natalie Portman 1400+ Harvard Al Gore 1355 Harvard Stephen King 1300s University of Maine Meredith Vieira 1300s Tufts University George W. Bush 1206 Yale Derek Jeter 1200 University of Michigan John Kerry 90 Yale Courtney Cox 50 Mount Vernon College Amy Tan 00s Linfield College, San Josà © State University Kobe Bryant 1080 None Scarlett Johansson 1080 None Bill Clinton 1032 Georgetown Peyton Manning 1030 University of Tennessee Alex Rodriguez 910 None Clearly all people on this list are considered successful, indicating you don't need a high SAT score to be successful, if you have passion, drive, and talent. You can either get a Kesha-like SATscore of 1500 or a Kobe-like one of 1080. But for most people in the world (like you and me), working hard in school, getting good grades, and earning high scores set up a brighter future with more open opportunities. Actors, singers, athletes, entrepreneurs, and politicians are scattered all up and down the list, but how can you join the ranks of Bill Gates, Will Smith, and Kesha up at the top? Read on for the important strategies and resources you need to score high on the SAT. Walmart/Flickr Where Will You Fall On This List? You need a high SAT score to get into good colleges, and we've got tips for you to improve your score. Get to Know the SAT Well To do well on the SAT, you have to know the SAT - you must be familiar with its content and format, as well as able to work fast and efficiently. High quality materials are a must in readying yourself and improving your scores. Questions that aren’t well written or don’t match the complexity of real SAT questions won’t get you very far. Timing yourself as your practice will also help you with pacing. Study Smart, Not Dumb Getting ready is not just about how much you prep, but about how well you prep. There are several important strategies to your approach, including setting small, manageable goals and rooting out your particular strengths and weaknesses. Check out our free E-Book for the tips you need to know to customize your study methods to your abilities and learning style. Understand the Test Inside and Out By the time you take the SAT, you don’t want to have any lingering questions or uncertainties about the test, including how long the sections are or how your scores are calculated. To learn the ins and outs of the SAT, check out our numerous resources. Just a few good places to start involve how long the test is, how it is scored, and how you can get a perfect SAT score. Know About Upcoming SAT Changes These celebs took the old version of the SAT, when it was scored out of 1600. The current SAT is scored out of 2400, with a maximum possible score of 800 for Critical Reading, Math, and Writing. Starting in the spring of 2016, however, the redesigned SAT will return to the 1600 scale system, with a maximum point value of 800 for Critical Reading and Writing (together) and 800 for math. There are several other changes in content that you should know about if you’ll be taking the new SAT. The new PSAT, furthermore, which all juniors will take in the fall, is changing this year (2015) to match the new SAT. Read about the redesign here, and learn how it will help next year’s juniors prepare for the new SAT. The SAT is a rite of passage that many high school students share on the road to college. What scores will end up being reported for you? What’s Next? No two people are exactly the same, so no two approaches to studying should be the same either. A good starting point to customizing your SAT prep to your unique strengths and skills is setting personalized goals. Find out what’s a good SAT score, a bad SAT score, and an excellent SAT score here so you can set your own individual target scores. The SAT is a long and important test, so obviously you wouldn’t be well served by only cramming the night before. But when exactly should you start prepping for the SAT? Learn how to schedule out your time to effectively study for the SAT. 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Communicating about Community Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Communicating about Community - Term Paper Example When a bird lost her way towards her home, her eyes start looking for someone from her community to give her company until she gets the path to her home. Many people have a misconception that community starts with people and ends with people. Is it only the people who form a community? No, it can be anyone and everyone. Starting from the sea waves to the small leaves of a plant, everyone can be a part of the community. Surprisingly, many people are not aware of the fact that the concept of community existed even when humans were not born in the earth. There is a community dedicated to â€Å"Anne Frank†, the brave girl who became popular for her diary which depicts the circumstances of a war. Now, she is no more in the world but still people come to the Anne Frank Centre to show the respect to this lady. So, this is one of the most important features of a community. Even if the leader or the one who has formed the community dies, the community will still exist. When it comes to community, each and every person is responsible to make the community a successful community.

Discussion question only Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion question only - Essay Example The question was ‘You should get your first cholesterol test at age 45.†, to which I answered fiction because I believe you should start younger. The elaborated answer says â€Å"Everyone should get a cholesterol test at least every five years, starting in their 20s† so I am unclear as to how my answer was wrong. It is important to monitor cholesterol levels. The questions concerning heart arrhythmias were all answered correctly accept for the answer that all arrhythmias could be detected by an electro cardiogram. Apparently some arrhythmias can come at different times of activity and may not be apparent at the time of the test. I was unaware that 2600 people die of heart disease every day. I also was not aware that prescribing antibiotics may be necessary in the case of a heart murmur as a preventative measure. I am at low risk for Diabetes II. The three things that I can do to decrease my already low risk is: Eat more whole grains: aim for 3 servings per day. - Eat unsaturated fats, like liquid vegetable oil, on most days (but watch your calories to avoid gaining extra weight). - Achieve and maintain a healthy weight. Is the media a valuable resource to help consumers improve their knowledge for prevention of cancer and heart disease? Provide an example of one media source you feel is valuable and one you feel might be harmful. Explain and support your reasoning. The media source that is both the most valuable and the most harmful as a resource for knowledge on cancer and heart disease would be the internet. The internet is an extremely valuable tool for anyone needing to research an ailment that has appeared in life. With access to medical information, definitions, and treatment explanations one can research an affliction in a way that allows the information to be absorbed, contemplated, and then acted upon. In a doctor’s office one has a few minutes to hear what is said and must digest that information under the pressure of the

Week 6 class discussions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 6 class discussions - Assignment Example Watermarking communication usually takes place in a one-to-many communication system while steganography communication takes place in a point-to-point communication. Both stenography and watermarking hide the content and existence of the message while cryptography hides the content but not the existence of the message, they are therefore mutually exclusive (Stefan & Fabien, 2000). Watermarking, cryptography, and stenography aim at securing messages from attackers. The benefits of ADS outweigh the risks as files can be hidden on an NTFS hard disk in a way that is difficult to detect as long as there are proper security features to handle them and system administrators are aware of the streams. If Microsoft discontinues support of ADS in future versions of its operating system, the forensic industry would suffer a big blow as it would not be able to find most of the copies of some work for its forensic investigations. This is because streams are retained if a file is copied with ADS to another NTFS, which is very important for forensics. The most significant obstacle to successful backing up data and/or recovering data for forensic investigators is lack of cooperation from the management (Wiles & Rogers, 2007). The management is responsible at providing funds and direction regarding backing up and recovering of data. However, due to many computer malpractices many managers get involved into, they fear that they might be caught one day when a forensic investigation is done and therefore might not fully cooperate in regard to backing up and recovering done for forensic purposes. Forensic investigation is normally done to unearth the vices done in an organization. The results of forensic investigation are normally taken to law courts for legal actions to be taken. In the event that a system forensic is to be done, many people in the case normally do the much they can to destroy evidence in the computers. They do this through destroying computer systems, deleting

Journal Article Critique of an Empirical Analysis of Trends in Psychology Essay Example for Free

Journal Article Critique of an Empirical Analysis of Trends in Psychology Essay I.Research Question or Problem The journal article question is clearly stated. The question asks whether the behaviourist, the psychoanalytic, the cognitive, or the neuroscientific perspective is most intellectually significant and most prominent in psychology today (Robins, Goling, Craik, 1999, p. 117). II. Introduction The introduction presents differing contentions regarding which school of psychology is most prominent. Five references have been cited in the introduction. It is believed by some that the cognitive perspective reigns over psychoanalysis and behaviourism (Baars, 1986; Gardner, 1985; Hunt, 1993; Sperry, 1988, as cited in Robins, Gosling, Craik, 1999, p. 117). An opposing conviction, however, states that this belief is merely a representation of cognitive psychologists’ opinion of their own field rather than an accurate statement based on facts (Friman, Allen, Kerwin, Larzelere, 1993, p. 662, as cited in Robins, Gosling, Craik, 1999, p. 117). Furthermore, it is argued that the belief in a â€Å"cognitive perspective revolution† is simply a method for scientists to justify their practice (Leahey, 1991, p.362, as cited in Robins, Gosling, Craik, 1999, p. 117). Other theories have indicated, without empirical evidence however, that behaviourism continues to flourish despite the loss of â€Å"mentor B.F Skinner† (Salzinger, 1994, p. 816; p. 461, as cited in Robins, Gosling, Craik, 1999, p. 117). Lastly, it is contented by some that the neuroscientific perspective continues to prosper (Churchland, 1998, as cited in Robins, Gosling, Craik, 1999, p. 117), and that the entire field of psychology will eventually become a subfield of neuroscience (Bechtel, 1988, as cited in Robins, Gosling, Craik, 1999, p. 117). III.Methods The authors employed three indexes to conduct their study; the subject-matter index of psychology’s Flagship publications, the subject-matter index of psychology dissertations and the citation index of Flagship publications. For the psychology’s Flagship publications, authors selected several word stems in a database called psychINFO, including: psychoanal#, cognit#, neurosci#, reinforce#, and conditioning#. At that time, they calculated the percentage of articles published in the Flagship publications between 1950 to 1997 and charted their findings over time (Robins, Gosling, Craik, 1999, p. 118). For the psychology dissertations, authors once again employed psychINFO, this time, to analyze the topics presented in doctoral dissertations between 1967 to 1994. Then, they calculated the percentage of dissertations for each of the four psychological perspectives (Robins, Gosling, Craik, 1999, p. 119). Finally, for the citation index of Flagship publications, authors surv eyed trends regarding the number of citations found concerning each perspective in the Flagship publications. Then, they selected the top four journals in each perspective using a rating system operated by prominent neuroscientists (Robins, Gosling, Craik, 1999, p. 119). Applying these findings, authors calculated the â€Å"total number of times per year the flagship publications cited articles published in each sub-disciplinary journal† (Robins, Gosling, Craik, 1999, p. 119). IV. Results The results undoubtedly provided answers to the question/hypothesis. The findings indicated that articles regarding the cognitive perspective appeared most frequently in all three indexes, followed by the behavioural perspective. Articles regarding the psychoanalytic and neuroscientific perspective, however, were essentially non-existent throughout the studied period. Authors provided graphs and tables in order to demonstrate their findings over time for each index (Robins, Gosling, Craik, 1999, p.121-126). V.Discussion/Conclusions Due to their compelling findings, the authors were able to construct several conclusions. Firstly, psychoanalytic journals, dissertations, and flagship articles have not been in the spotlight of mainstream psychology for the past several decades (Robins, Gosling, Craik, 1999, p.123, 124). Secondly, with the focus currently on cognitive psychology, behavioural psychology has and continues to subside in scientific psychology (Robins, Gosling, Craik, 1999, p.124). Moreover, the authors’ state that one reason cognitive psychology is transcending behavioural psychology is due to the immeasurable role of computers in modern society. For example, thanks to computers, considerable changes have taken place in regards to scientists’ understanding of memory, information processing, etc (Robins, Gosling, Craik, 1999, p.124). Lastly, mainstream psychology does not yet recognize neuropsychology; however, there is an obvious increase in popularity that is underway. Authors recommen d further research to explore the growing prominence of neuropsychology (Robins, Gosling, Craik, 1999, p.125). VI.References Authors used a clear and consistent citation format, and each of the references was properly cited within the article. The authors used a variety of sources ranging from the 1930’s to the year prior to the study. The older references were used to demonstrate variations of theories over time. VII.Personal Reaction I consider this article to be rather thought-provoking. From the beginning, I agreed with the theorists who believed that cognitive psychology was the leading school of psychology. Although this article was written fourteen years ago, I believe it continues to be true today. I was not aware of the serious decline of the behavioural perspective; however, after reading about the impact computers have had on science and scientists, it became clear (Robins, Gosling, Craik, 1999, p.124). One limitation that I feel could have affected the results was the manner in which they selected the top four journals. I wonder if the results would have varied had different journals been chosen. In my opinion, the sample size of four journals seems somewhat confining to the research. Even so, this was a very interesting article. I would be rather intrigued to read a current study of the same topic and see if the results are equivalent.

What techniques has Leon Gast applied to engage his audience in When E

Throughout the year I have been studying the documentary 'When We Were Kings' based around the 1974 World Boxing Championship fight between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman. The fight was staged in Zaire, Africa and is subsequently predominantly an African influenced film, although still effective in delivering the story and exposition of one of the greatest sporting moments of our modern era. Through use of a complex sound track - including live sound and interviews from the past - Gast is able to entice me to continue viewing the colourful, musical and exciting documentary. Using a majority of archival footage combined with a cast of experts and witness' Leon Gast captures the moment whilst providing us with the necessary background information and detail. A number of questions are asked and social issues raised providing us with a contrast of morals and ideals creating a fast moving, intriguing look at an event adopted in to boxing folklore as the greatest of all time. Although Ga st is unable to incorporate much of his craft - due to a majority of archival footage - he is still able to build tension and demonstrate importance through his shot selection, use of motifs and selection of music. When I viewed Gast's dramatic yet uplifting look at the 1974 World Heavyweight Boxing title fight in Zaire, I was engaged through his use of evocative and up-beat music. Music plays almost constantly throughout and is effective in establishing a mood of fun and excitement about the brutal bout. To begin the film Gast introduces us to the tribal rhythms of Zaire, I believe to signify the origins of both fighters and the importance of cultural links between America, Africa and the evolution of popular culture. Gast also employs the use of a mysterious African women - a dancer and performer - through use of close up's and intense, tension building rhythms. She appears throughout the documentary and we are told later that a witch doctor predicted Foreman might be defeated by use of a voodoo spell involving a "woman with fluttering hands". Whether there is any element of truth to the prediction, Gast's inclusion of this native African lady is clearly to provide an element of mys tery and intrigue around not only the fight in Zaire, but also Ali's greatness. The tribal rhythms and traditional African music work well for Gast and are effective in portraying the mood... ...nter the armed forces during the Vietnam war- had resulted in a jail sentence and loss of the title. This was Ali's return, the greatest of all time was returning to the ring to face one of the most formidable individuals ever to step in to the square shaped arena, making it a bout no red-blooded American and no self respecting sports fan worldwide could miss. Gast's subject matter - the fight itself - and people involved - namely Ali - are perhaps one of the most appealing events to be covered in sports history (with relation to real life relevance) The people involved in Gast's documentary are remarkably effective in delivering the recount of the 'Rumble in the Jungle' combining aging experts with those who were scattered amongst the commotion that was the concert and fight in Zaire, 1974. Spike Lee appears throughout to provide a modern, filmmakers perspective while George Plimpton and Norman Mailer commentate, adding excitement and human dimension to the fight. Mailer and Plimpton covered the fight in the seventies and provide us with a credible recount and are effective in providing professional detail for us helping us understand some more technical angles explored by Gast.

Taste the Gustatory System

The Enlightenment is an era where intellectuals movement in culture changed the way people viewed the world around them, during a time when Londoner saw their city become engulf in flames on the morning of 2 September, 1666. Strong winds coming from the east quickly caused the fire to spread, some 300 houses were burning at rapid amount of time†; the event once described as â€Å"London was, but is no more. â€Å"(Assayer 2nd peg. 766) Not only had the flames taken most of what Landowner's had lilt, it also came on the heels of a great plague that claimed thousands of lives earlier.Over the course of the next century, London would raise from its ashes and proper as city its known today, as one writer would be quoted saying: â€Å"London is the Centre to which almost all the individuals who fill the upper and middle ranks of society are successively attracted (Assayer 2nd De. peg. 766). Over the course of time, in what some might say the end of the Civil War, one very importa nt issue still stood: ND that was â€Å"how to best govern the nation. â€Å"(Assayer 2nd peg. 68) Thomas Hobbes work had lead him to voice concern that people worry about two things In particular- the fear that someone could take their lives and the grittiness of individuals and their need of empowerment, for that the government role is to see that no such thing happen. But not all agreed with what Thomas Hobbes was teaching; John Locke argued that people are At birth the human mind Is at a untaught state and that over time our surroundings and

Walmart and Target a Closer Look at Strategic Interaction

Main Paper Walmart and Target: A closer look at strategic interaction Maastricht University School of Business and Economics Maastricht, 4th December 2011 Bastian Hauk, BH ID number: i6034999 Study: International Business Course Code: EBC1009 Economics & Business Group Number: 31 Economics Tutor: Khan Writing Tutor: Hetty Bennink Writing Assignment: Main Paper Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction 2. Economic Principle: Game Theory 3. Applied Economic Principles 3. 1. Theory of Game for simultaneously Decision Making 3. 2. The extended Version for consecutive Decision Making 4. Conclusion References 4 6 7 8 2 2 1 Introduction In the United States of America there are only two very well-known discount retailers: Target and Walmart. Both are currently operating all over the country which places each of them among the biggest corporations in the United States. Nearly every American has been to at least one of them because they sell almost everything and E. Basker described this service â€Å"one-stop shopping† (2007). In 2007, Walmart operated more than 3,400 stores across the USA and a survey showed that by the end of 2005 46 percent of Americans lived within 5 miles of the nearest store; within 15 miles even 88 percent (Basker, 2007).Target operated 1,750 stores in January 2011 (Target Corp. , 2011). Since their wide range of products is quite similar they are large competitors. Thus, they are constantly waging price war against each other. In addition, they make use of strategic interaction and especially of game theory which is a mathematical model describing a decisionmaking process and showing how the players make different decisions that potentially affect each other’s interests (von Stenge, & Turocy, 2001). This paper analyses strategic interaction between Walmart and Target with respect to the game theory and the extended version.In order to do so it introduces first the theoretic background of strategic interaction. Afterwards it applies g ame theory and the extended version to this case in order to show the impact of strategic interaction on both discount retailers. It concludes by stating the importance of strategic interaction to optimal decision making and its relevance for Walmart and Target. 2 Economic principles: game theory and extended version The theory of games describes certain concepts in which several players influence each other’s decisions in situations of conflict and competition (Moffatt, 2011).In order to apply game theory there must be at least two players. The three basic elements of a game are the player, the strategies he can choose from and the payoffs the players receive from each combination of strategy. The payoff matrix describes the outcomes in a certain game for each possible combination of strategies as shown in Figure 2. 1. 2 Player One Strategy 1 Strategy 1 Outcome Player 1 Strategy 2 Outcome Player 1 Outcome Player Two Strategy 2 Player 2 Outcome Player 1 Outcome Player 2 Outco me Player 1 Outcome Player 2 Figure 2. 1: Payoff matrix for a two player game Outcome Player 2If one player used a dominant strategy, his choice yields a higher payoff, regardless what the other player does and as a result he has no incentive to change his strategy. For this example, player one’s dominant strategy would be strategy one if he received a higher outcome no matter which strategy player two chooses, but only if he then receives the highest payout. There are also some particular outcomes; for example the Nash equilibrium which occurs when any combination of strategies is the best strategy with the best possible outcome for all players (McDowell, Thom, Frank, & Bernanke, 009). An outcome created by two dominant strategies which is worse than the outcome created by two dominated strategies is called prisoner’s dilemma. The prisoner’s dilemma only occurs when each player’s dominant strategy results in a smaller payoff than it would have if they ha d chosen the dominated strategy. Game theory also assumes that the decisions are made simultaneously. To illustrate a game in which the players decide interdependent, the economist uses the extended version of game theory which is displayed with a game tree (McDowell, Thom, Frank, & Bernanke, 2009). Company 1 Decision: Action A or Action B Action A Company 2 Decision: Action C or Action D Action C Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Action D Action B Company 2 Decision: Action C or Action D Action C Outcome 3 Outcome 4 Action D Figure 2. 2: Decision tree Figure 2. 2 is an example of a game tree. Company 1 first decides which action they will take, which can be either A or B. Company 2 then has the choice how they want to react and whether they take action C or D. The best outcome can only be achieved with a backward nduction as a result of evaluating the results first and afterwards predicting the other player’s strategy. For example, outcome 3 would be the best outcome for company 2 if comp any 1 chose action B and therefore company 2 chooses action C. Outcome 2 would gain the highest profit for company 2 if company 1 took action A. 3 Applied Economic Principles 3. 1 Theory of game for simultaneously decision making As stated in the introduction this two very large American retailers are competitors and have a very similar customer base.The income of Targets customer base is slightly higher but it is not relevant for strategic interaction (Neuman, 2011). Theory of game helps to understand the different prices and how the different price strategies affect consumer behavior. This example is not based on any specific data. However, it is logic for somebody willing to buy a certain good to substitute the same good with an identical one if the price is lower and there are not any additional efforts to make. By applying game theory, the three basic elements have to be clear. 4 Walmart and Target are the players.Different pricing of a certain product -a television- are the st rategies while the different profits are the results of each combination of the strategies. Both companies have two pricing strategies: either to charge a low price of â‚ ¬300 or a high price of â‚ ¬500. They have to make the decision simultaneously, for instance before they release the television to the market. It is important to know that the customers are also willing to purchase the television for the high price. Target High Price (â‚ ¬500) High Price (â‚ ¬500) Walmart Walmart earns â‚ ¬10,000 profit Low Price (â‚ ¬300) Walmart earns â‚ ¬15,000 profit Figure 3. : Payoff matrix for Walmart and Target Figure 3. 1 shows a potential payoff matrix for this strategic interaction. It shows all possible outcomes for the two pricing strategies. Walmart and Target would both make â‚ ¬10,000 profit if they charged the high price and â‚ ¬7,500 profit if they charged the low price. If Walmart chose the low pricing strategy and Target used the high pricing strategy Walmart would gain â‚ ¬15,000 compared to the â‚ ¬5,000 profit Target would make. Target also makes â‚ ¬15,000 profit using the low price if Walmart decides to charge the high price.What does that mean for both companies? Since both of them would earn a higher profit by setting the price low in this scenario, both companies would choose â€Å"Low Price† as a dominant strategy. On the contrary, â€Å"High Price† would be the dominated strategy. Nash equilibrium can be found when both companies pick the â€Å"low price† strategy because they don’t have an incentive to change their strategy. This payoff 5 Low (â‚ ¬300) Target earns â‚ ¬15,000 profit Walmart earns â‚ ¬5,000 profit Target earns â‚ ¬7,500 profit Walmart earns â‚ ¬7,500 profitTarget earns â‚ ¬10,000 profit Target earns â‚ ¬5,000 profit matrix also shows that the strategy combination of â€Å"high price† and â€Å"high price† would be the best possible outcome for both firms. But rather than applying the dominated strategy Walmart and Target use the dominant strategy. This dilemma is called prisoner’s dilemma. Those dilemmas exist quite often and there are many reasons why they exist, for instance, both companies do not want the other one to make a higher profit or even to have the chance to receive a higher profit. 3. 2.The extended version for consecutive decision making Therefore Target and Walmart react and might change the strategy they had choosen. Both competitors often change their strategies. Although Singh (2006) stated that prices at Walmart are about 15 percent lower than in traditional supermarkets, Neuman (2011) proved by comparing almost 60 items that Target’s prices were a bit lower than Walmart’s. It is hard to rely on data which are released with a 5 year time difference but it shows that both firms constantly adjust the prices to be competitive.High Price Target High Price Walmart Low Price â‚ ¬10,000 for Target â‚ ¬10,000 for Walmart â‚ ¬15,000 for Target â‚ ¬5,000 for Walmart â‚ ¬5,000 for Target â‚ ¬15,000 for Walmart â‚ ¬7,500 for Target â‚ ¬7,500 for Walmart High Price Low Price Target Low Price Figure 3. 2: Decision Tree for Walmart and Target 6 Since the decisions of both companies are not made simultaneously the reacting firm -in this case Target- has to find out what action to take in order to receive the highest profit for either move Walmart makes. Walmart moves first and selects either strategy.Target is in the position to decide and how it wants to react. Thus, Target uses backward induction. First it evaluates the best results for each action Walmart uses; â‚ ¬15,000 profit if Walmart sets a high price and â‚ ¬7,500 profit if Walmart sets a low price. Afterwards it chooses the strategy how to get to that profit. Finally Walmart moves and selects the low or the high price strategy and Target is able to react sufficiently. Assu me that Walmart chooses the high price strategy then Target sets low prices and due to that Target earns the highest possible profit. Conclusion Walmart and Target are large competitors on the American retailer market and therefore strategic interaction is very important for them. Both companies know the ways to decide how to act concerning different strategies. Both companies know that it is necessary for them to react and choose the best strategy. In the first example both companies simultaneously introduce a television to the market. Their dominant strategy is to set a low price because both of them hope that the other company chooses the high price strategy.This is one example of a free market wherein the customers always choose the low price if available. Walmart and Target would earn a larger profit if both set the high price. In the other case Walmart moves first and afterwards Target chooses the strategy which leads to the highest outcome. The reacting company’s best strategy in the extended version of game theory is always the low price strategy. On the contrary, when two companies have to decide simultaneously it is not always the best choice to choose the low price strategy although it is their dominant strategy. References Basker, E. (2007). The Causes and Consequences of Wal-Mart’s Growth. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21 (3), 177-198. McDowell, M. , Thom, R. , Frank, R. , & Bernanke, B. (2009). Principles of Economics, 2nd European Edition. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill Education. Moffatt, M. (2008). What are Game Theory and Bargaining Theory? Retrieved December 4, 2011, from http://economics. about. com/cs/studentresources/f/game_theory. htm Neuman, S. (2011). Target Takes Aim At Walmart, With Some Success, NPR. Retrieved December 4, 2011, from http://www. pr. org/2011/08/19/139793948/target-takes-aim-at-walmartwith-some-success Singh, V. , Hansen, K. , & Blattberg, R. (2006). A Market Entry and Consumer Behavior: An investig ation of a Wal-Mart Supercenter. Marketing Science, 25 (5), 457-476 Target Corp. (2011). Target Annual Report 2010. Minnesota, US: Target. Retrieved December 7, 2011 from http://www. sec. gov/Archives/edgar/data/27419/000104746911002032/a2201861z10k. htm#bg11101a_main_toc Turocy, T. L, von Stenge, B (2001). Game Theory. Academic Press Limited, 2 (2), 69-73. 10. 1080/07430170152379371 doi: 8